Deferred grazing improves annual and long-term production of annual pastures
Annual pastures are most productive when they have enough leaf area to capture solar energy and convert it to plant growth, and survive a moderate level of grazing. We recommend using measures of feed on offer (FOO) rather than leaf area to guide management. FOO is relatively easy to measure, and leaf area is relatively difficult.
To optimise pasture production, we recommend managing grazing in each of the 3 distinct periods of pasture growth: establishment (autumn), vegetative growth (winter) and reproductive phase (spring):
- in autumn – defer grazing until FOO reaches 500–800 kg DM/ha
- See the map of FOO and pasture growth rates to help plan grazing management
- in winter – graze to maintain FOO above 1000 kg DM/ha and below 1400 kg DM/ha
- in spring – reduce grazing pressure to allow seed production of the desirable pasture species.
Establishment phase
Deferred grazing allows seedlings to develop a root and leaf system that can be grazed without reducing its persistence.
Grazing pasture soon after seedling emergence can dramatically reduce establishment because small seedlings get uprooted: this reduces plant density and leaf area, which results in reduced pasture growth for the rest of the season.
You can improve plant density and effective pasture establishment by decreasing grazing pressure, applying fertilizer (particularly nitrogen), or sowing pasture seed. An efficient grazing system should aim to maintain FOO between 800–1400 kg DM/ha in autumn and winter.
Supplementary feeding or deferred grazing can help maximise pasture establishment.
Deferred grazing
Deferred grazing means excluding stock from pasture paddocks after the break of season to maximise germination and establishment of seedlings.
Deferred grazing has the greatest benefit when:
- there have been false breaks and a reduced seed bank
- stocking rates are high
- there is a late break to the season and cold conditions.
After an early break of season (February or March) in warmer conditions, it is not usually necessary to defer grazing: it is better to graze this high quality feed to improve the condition of sheep and potentially reduce supplementary feed requirements. These pastures will have adequate time to reach desired production targets before winter.
What are the benefits of deferred grazing?
Deferred grazing helps establish a dense and productive annual pasture by preventing over-grazing during establishment. It is important to have established a productive pasture before mid-winter, as growth is naturally slowed in the cool, wet conditions. A minimum FOO of 1000 kg DM/ha is desirable going into winter, but optimum pasture growth occurs at around 1400 kg DM/ha.
The effects of deferment on plant density will be greater at higher stocking rates. In some seasons where pasture growth is very slow, deferred grazing may be most beneficial when combined with strip grazing because the accumulated pasture is rationed. Refer to the information on strip grazing on the grazing winter pastures page.
How do I defer graze?
Concentrate sheep in confined feeding areas or on selected paddocks that have low erosion risk. Paddocks entering a cropping phase may benefit from early grazing to remove weeds. We recommend that all sheep producers have an established confined feeding area, to manage deferred grazing, supplementary feeding in dry seasons, and the ability to finish particular types of sheep for market.
Defer grazing until the target pasture reaches 500 kg DM/ha (Figure 1), or preferably 800 kg DM/ha. Refer to the deferred grazing calculator for details.
On low density pastures, deferring grazing at the beginning of the season may increase the weed content (especially cape weed). Consult your agronomist for advice to manage weeds in pastures.
Food on offer and pasture growth rate assessments for the agriculture region
We providing a seasonally updated map of FOO and PGR during the growing season.
The general FOO and PGR information for a locality can be used in the supplementary feeding calculator for pregnant and lactating ewes and the deferred grazing calculator. However, we recommend that you get more accurate measures of FOO on your own property.