Nearly all soils in Western Australia were phosphorus (P) deficient when cleared for agriculture, but continual use of P fertiliser means acute deficiency in broadacre crops is rare, with the excep
Nitrogen deficiency from nodule dysfunction can be caused by lack of Rhizobia, soil conditions, herbicide toxicity, or molybdenum or sulphur deficiency.
Manganese toxicity has not been diagnosed in field peas in Western Australia. It has recently been diagnosed in canola on an acidic heavy soil with high manganese levels.
Iron (Fe) deficiency is often seen on highly calcareous soils in the Esperance mallee, particularly in late July when soil temperatures are low and there is excess water in the soil.
