Soil water tool

 

While plant available soil water graphs can help create a narrative for the progress of a crop and aid key in-season decision-making, other key factors also need to be considered for any given crop to arrive at an accurate picture. These include:

• Soil status and characteristics including stored soil moisture, soil water-holding capacity and any barriers to infiltration.
• Stored nitrogen and other nutrient availabilities.
• Factors such as non-wetting, water-logging through topography or impermeable layers, leaching or dispersible clays in the soil.

The timing and event intensity of rain during the growing season can also greatly influence the conversion of rainfall to biomass and yield.

To use the tool, select a weather station, a soil type and whether the model is for a fallow or cropped situation from the drop-down lists below. Graphs can be downloaded and saved by clicking on the three horizontal lines to the right of the graph title.

Maps of plant available soil water, updated monthly in the early part of the growing season, can be viewed and downloaded from our Seasonal climate information [2] page.

How the model works

Plant available soil water models are run for ten different soil types that have been characterised according to their water-holding capacity. The soil types assume there are no constraints to crop root growth when there is available soil water. Their depths are shown in the following table.

Table 1 Soil type depths (cm)

Soil type	Layer 1	Layer 2
Gravel	40	50
Shallow soil	40	20
Sand	40	210
Sandy earth	20	230
Shallow sandy duplex	20	160
Deep sandy duplex	40	110
Shallow loamy duplex	20	130
Deep loamy duplex	40	140
Loamy earth	40	210
Clay	40	210

For a complete description of the soils and their characterisation, see Oliver, Y.M. and Roberston, M.J. 2008, Quantifying the benefits of accounting for yield potential in spatially and seasonally responsive nutrient management in a Mediterranean climate.

Evapotranspiration of a generic wheat crop is estimated using the FAO crop factor method, where the timing of crop germination (break of season) is estimated using a two-part rule, such that germination is assumed to occur if there is 25mm of rainfall over three days after 25 April and before 5 June, or if there is 5mm of rainfall over three days after 5 June.

The FAO crop factor method assumes that post-germination, there are four stages of crop growth. On any day during the crop lifecycle, the crop coefficient for the crop's growth stage is multiplied by the potential evaporation to give an estimate of plant evapotranspiration. Coefficients have been selected to suit WA wheat cropping.

Table 2 Stages of growth for a wheat crop

Growth stage	Length	Crop coefficient
Initialisation	15	0.3
Development	20	0.3
Mid	80	1.15
Late	45	0.5