Department of Agriculture and Food - Soil salinity tolerance of plants for agriculture and revegetation

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Salinity measurement, monitoring and equipment

Some of the references estimate salt tolerance from salinity of water used to irrigate seedlings, and this makes comparison with soil salinity difficult. The 'best' information in the tables is based on measurement of soil salinity around plants growing in the field: However, this type of information is not common. All salinity units (mS/m) are from ECe unless stated otherwise. The salinity measures and units are explained elsewhere on this site.

We recommend that you use this information as a guide only: Salinity tolerance measured in another area may vary from tolerance in your area. Check the source of the information, then ask a specialist in your area.

We supply this information for Western Australian land managers. Some exotic (not Australian) tree and shrub species are included in the lists, but these are not recommended for natural diversity planting in Western Australia. Some of the exotic species are known environmental weeds. Check natural occurrence in your area before making a choice. In "Occurrence", WA = Western Australia; Australia = States other than WA; Exotic = not native to Australia.

Salinity is not the only limitation to plant growth. Waterlogging, rainfall, maximum temperatures and many other factors must be considered before making a species selection. Ask your advisers, or neighbours with experience, and read widely.

Plants for Extremely Saline Sites
Plants for Very Saline Sites
Plants for Moderately Saline Sites
Plants for Slightly Saline Sites
Plants for non-saline sites
References used to develop tables of salt tolerant plants.

Note: Crops and pastures - including salt land pastures - are marked with ** in the tables below.

Extremely saline sites (ECe >1600 mS/m)
Proper Name	Occurrence	Common name and comments
Acacia ampliceps	WA	Salt wattle. (2). (28) records good performance to >2000 mS/m ECe
Acacia cyclops	WA	Coastal wattle. Severe to extreme tolerance (2, 3, 13) Sensitive to waterlogging.
Acacia stenophylla	Northern WA	River Coobah, river myall. (2, 14, 19) (24) Gives range of 1500-2500 mS/m. (27) suggests moderate or very salt tolerant and moderate waterlogging tolerance. (28) Records good growth at 1200-2000 mS/m ECe.
Atriplex spp (A rhagodioides, A vesicaria, A paludosa) **		Saltbush spp. Generally need well drained sites.
Atriplex amnicola **	WA	River saltbush. (23, 24, 26) Reports tolerance to 2500-5000 mS/m on alkaline duplex soils, and up to 3800 mS/m on medium to heavy clays. Reputed to be slightly more salt tolerant, and more waterlogging tolerant than other Atriplex species. (27) Moderate waterlogging tolerance.
Atriplex bunburyana **	WA	Silver saltbush (26). Sensitive to waterlogging.
Atriplex cinerea **	WA	Grey saltbush. (23) Moderate waterlogging tolerance (26). (27) says moderate waterlogging tolerance
Atriplex lentiformis **	Exotic	Quailbrush. (24) Reports tolerance to 2500-5000 mS/m on alkaline duplex soils, and up to 3800 mS/m on medium to heavy clays. Low waterlogging tolerance.
Atriplex Muelleri **		(24) Reports tolerance in subtropical and tropical areas of up to 3800 mS/m on medium to heavy clays
Atriplex nummularia **	WA	Old man saltbush. (23) Low waterlogging tolerance (26). (27) Suggests moderate to very salt tolerant. (28) Records good growth at 1200-2000 mS/m ECe.
Atriplex semibaccata **	WA	Creeping saltbush (26)
Atriplex undulata **		Wavy-leafed saltbush. (24) Reports tolerance to 2500-5000 mS/m on alkaline duplex soils. Moderate waterlogging tolerance(26). (27)
Casuarina glauca	Australia	Grey Buloke. (2) In 800-1600 mS/m. (6) suggests EM38 of greater than 150 mS/m. (8, 19) Wet or dry sites. (20) Gives 50% mortality at EC 1:5 of >400mS/m. (22). High waterlogging tolerance. (27). (28) records good growth to 2000 mS/m and good waterlogging tolerance.
Casuarina obesa	WA	Salt sheoak.(2). (6) Suggests EM38 of greater than 150 mS/m. (8, 9, 20) (27). High waterlogging tolerance.
Frankenia spp. (F ambita, F brachyphylla, F fecunda)	WA	(17)
Halosarcia spp.	WA	Samphire. (1, 17, 20, 23) Combined waterlogging and salt tolerance is particularly high.
Melaleuca halmaturorum subsp. cymbifolia	WA	(4) A WA subspecies
Melaleuca halmaturorum subsp. halmaturorum	Australia	South Australian swamp paperbark. (2, 14, 15, 19) (24) Gives range of 1500-2500 mS/m. (27)
Melaleuca leucadendra	Northern WA	Long-leaved paperbark. (28) Records good growth at 1200-2000 mS/m ECe, and good waterlogging tolerance.
Melaleuca thyoides	WA	(2, 4, 12)
Paspalum vaginatum **	Exotic	Saltwater couch. (21, 26) Very high waterlogging tolerance, low drought tolerance. Needs summer moisture
Puccinellia ciliata **	Exotic	Puccinellia. (21, 23, 26) Moderate waterlogging tolerance. (24) Reports tolerance to 2500-5000 mS/m on alkaline duplex soils.
Sarcocornia spp. (S quinqueflora)	WA	Glasswort, samphire. (20) Combined salt and waterlogging tolerance is particularly high.
Sporobolus virginicus	WA	Marine couch. (20). (24) Reports tolerance to 2500-5000 mS/m on alkaline duplex soils and wet sites.

Very saline sites (ECe 800-1600 mS/m)
Proper name	Occurrence	Common name and comments
Acacia aff lineolata		(13) Good waterlogging tolerance
Acacia ampliceps	WA	(2)
Acacia brumalis		(3, 13) Sensitive to waterlogging
Acacia cyclops	WA	Coastal wattle. (2, 3, 13) See 'Extremely' table above.
Acacia ligulata		Umbrella bush. (14)
Acacia mutabilis ssp. stipulifera		(13)
Acacia retinodes	Australia	Wirilda. (2). Waterlogging tolerant.
Acacia salicina	Australia	Coobah, willow wattle. (2, 14) suckers and could be invasive. (27) Suggests moderate salinity tolerance and low waterlogging tolerance. (28) records good growth to 2000 mS/m.
Acacia saligna	WA	Golden wreath wattle. (2) puts this into 400-800 mS/m. (3). (6) suggests EM38 of 100-150 mS/m (moderate tolerance). (12). Moderate waterlogging tolerance. Variation in provenances. (27). (28) records good growth at 1200-2000 mS/m ECe.
Casuarina equisetifolia	Australia	Horsetail sheoak.
Casuarina equisetifolia var. incana	Australia	(8). Similar tolerance to Casuarina obesa and Casuarina glauca.
Eucalyptus cornuta	WA	Yate. (27) Moderate waterlogging tolerance.
Eucalyptus halophila	WA	Salt lake mallee. (2). (4, 17) suggest extremely tolerant. (27) Low waterlogging tolerance.
Eucalyptus incrassata	WA	Ridge-fruited mallee. (27) Low waterlogging tolerance. May be only moderately salt tolerant.
Eucalyptus kondininensis	WA	Kondinin blackbutt. (2). (10, 11) Suggests tolerance in moderate to very saline sites. (16, 17). Low waterlogging tolerance. (27)
Eucalyptus occidentalis	WA	Flat top yate. (2). (6) suggests EM38 of less than 200 mS/m. (10) (16) (17) (19) Wet or dry sites. (24) Range of 1500-2500 mS/m. Very waterlogging tolerant. (27). Provenance variation.
Eucalyptus raveretiana	Australia	Black ironbox. (2) suggests moderate tolerance. (22) suggests very tolerant or higher. (28) records good growth at 1200-2000 mS/m ECe and provenance variation.
Eucalyptus sargentii ssp. sargentii	WA	Salt river gum, Sargent's mallee. (2). (6) suggests EM38 of 50-100 mS/m (slightly saline). (10, 16, 17) Moderately waterlogging tolerant. (27) suggests low waterlogging tolerance.
Eucalyptus sideroxylon	Australia	Red ironbark. (28) records good growth at 1200-2000 mS/m ECe.
Eucalyptus spathulata ssp. spathulata	WA	Swamp mallet. (2). (6) suggests EM38 of 100-150 mS/m. (9, 10, 16). Good waterlogging tolerance. (27) suggests low waterlogging tolerance.
Melaleuca cuticularis	WA	Swamp paperbark, salt paperbark. (2). (6) suggests EM38 of greater than 150 mS/m. (12) suggests extremely tolerant. High waterlogging tolerance. (27)
Melaleuca decussata	Australia	Cross-leaf honey myrtle. (2, 14, 15, 19). Waterlogging tolerant. (27) suggests low to moderate salinity tolerance.
Melaleuca hamulosa	WA	(12). (27)
Melaleuca lanceolata	WA	Rottnest Island tea tree, moonah. (2, 14, 15, 19). Needs well drained site. (27) suggest low to moderate salinity tolerance.
Melaleuca leucadendra	Northern WA	Cadjeput. (2). Waterlogging tolerant.
Melaleuca squarrosa	Australia	Scented paperbark. (2)

Moderately saline (ECe 400-800 mS/m)
Proper name	Occurrence	Common name and comments
Acacia colletoides	WA	Spine wattle. (12)
Acacia merrallii	WA	Merrall's wattle. (12)
Acacia pendula	Australia	Weeping myall. (19). (28) records good growth at 800-1200 mS/m.
Acacia prainii	WA	Prain's wattle. (12)
Acacia redolens	WA	Ravensthorpe source. (3, 12, 13) Tolerance varies with seed source.
Allocasuarina leuhmannii		Buloke. (2)
Allocasuarina verticillata	Australia	Drooping sheoak. (2, 19)
Callistemon paludosis		River bottlebrush. (19)
Callistemon phoeniceus	WA	Lesser bottlebrush. (12)
Casuarina cristata ssp. cristata	Australia	Black oak, Belah. (2). (8, 19) suggest highly tolerant.
Casuarina cristata ssp. pauper	WA	Belah (WA ssp.). (2)
Casuarina cunninghamiana	Australia	River sheoak. (2). (6) suggests EM38 of 100-150 mS/m. (19, 22). Very waterlogging tolerant. (27) suggests moderate salinity tolerance. (28) records good growth at 800-1200 mS/m.
Chloris gayana **	Exotic	Rhodes grass. (21, 26) Field observations in WA suggest higher tolerance than older references.
Eucalyptus anceps	WA	(5)
Eucalyptus angustissima ssp. angustissima	WA	Narrow leaved mallee. (2) suggests slight tolerance. (5)
Eucalyptus astringens	WA	Brown mallet. (2). (6) suggests EM38 of less than 50 mS/m (non-saline). (16) Seed source critical. (27). Low waterlogging tolerance.
Eucalyptus brachycorys	WA	Comet Vale mallee. (9)
Eucalyptus camaldulensis	WA	River red gum. (2). (6) suggests EM38 of 50-100 mS/m (slightly-saline) for Lake Albacutya provenance, and 100-150 for other lines. (9). (10) Suggests lower tolerance. (16, 17). (19, 22) Suggests higher tolerance. Provenance critical. (27). High waterlogging tolerance. (28) records good growth at 800-1200 mS/m but provenance critical.
Eucalyptus campaspe	WA	Silver gimlet. (2). (16) suggests very tolerant of salinity. (27) low waterlogging tolerance.
Eucalyptus diptera	WA	Two-winged gimlet. (10) Suggest higher tolerance. (27) low waterlogging tolerance
Eucalyptus famelica	WA	Salt mallee. (2, 5). Moderate waterlogging tolerance.
Eucalyptus foliosa		(5)
Eucalyptus gomphocephala	WA	Tuart. (2). Slight waterlogging tolerance. (27) suggests slightly tolerant of salinity, and low waterlogging tolerance.
Eucalyptus largiflorens	Australia	Black box, river box. (2, 14, 19) Wet or dry sites. (27) suggests slightly salt tolerant and moderately waterlogging tolerant. (28) records good growth at 800-1200 mS/m.
Eucalyptus leptocalyx	WA	Hopetoun mallee.
Eucalyptus lesouefii	WA	Goldfields Blackbutt. (16, 17)
Eucalyptus leucoxylon	Australia	South Australian blue gum. (2) Four named ssp. and highly variable. Provenance critical. (27)
Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. petiolaris	Australia	Eyre Peninsula blue gum. (17)
Eucalyptus loxophleba ssp. lissophloia	WA	Smooth barked York gum.
Eucalyptus loxophleba ssp. loxophleba	WA	York gum. (2) suggests slight tolerance. (6) suggests EM38 of less than 50 mS/m (non-saline) (10, 16). (27) suggests slight salinity tolerance and low waterlogging tolerance. WA experience is moderate waterlogging tolerance.
Eucalyptus melliodora	Australia	Yellow box. (2). (6) suggests EM38 of 50-100 mS/m (slightly saline). (22). (28) records good growth at 800-2000 mS/m.
Eucalyptus microcarpa	Australia	Grey box. (2). (6) suggests EM38 of 50-100 mS/m (slightly saline).
Eucalyptus mimica	WA	(5) Mallet from Newdegate area.
Eucalyptus moluccana	Australia	Grey box. (2). (22) suggests highly tolerant. (28) records good growth at 800-1200 mS/m.
Eucalyptus platycorys	WA	Boorabbin mallee. (5, 9) Sensitive to waterlogging.
Eucalyptus platypus subsp.platypus	WA	Round-leaved moort.
Eucalyptus polybractea	Australia	Blue mallee. (2). (6) suggests EM38 of less than 50 mS/m (non-saline)
Eucalyptus rigens		(5)
Eucalyptus robusta		Swamp mahogany. (2) (6) suggests EM38 of less than 50 mS/m (non-saline) (10, 19, 22). (28) records good growth at 800-1200 mS/m ECe.
Eucalyptus rudis		Flooded gum. (2). (6) suggests EM38 of less than 50 mS/m (non-saline) (10)
Eucalyptus salicola		Salt gum. (2) (27) suggests low waterlogging tolerance, but very high tolerance of salinity.
Eucalyptus stricklandii		Strickland's gum. (27) low waterlogging tolerance.
Eucalyptus tereticornis		Forest red gum. (2). (22) Suggests higher tolerance. Moderate waterlogging tolerance. (28) records good growth at 800-1200 mS/m.
Eucalyptus utilis syn. E. platypus var. heterophylla		Coastal moort. (2) Suggests tolerance to very saline conditions. (6) suggests EM38 of 50-100 mS/m (slightly saline). (10). Moderate waterlogging tolerance. (27) suggests low waterlogging tolerance.
Eucalyptus varia ssp. salsuginosa		(5) Mallee form of E gardneri.
Eucalyptus vegrandis		Syn E spathulata ssp. grandiflora. (5). (6) suggests EM38 of 100-150 mS/m.
Eucalyptus wandoo		Wandoo. (2). (6) suggests EM38 of 50-100 mS/m (slightly saline). (10). Seed source important.
Eucalyptus xanthonema		(5)
Festuca arundinacea **		Tall fescue. (21, 26) Moderate waterlogging tolerance.
Hordeum vulgare **		Barley 6-row (25, 26). Some references suggest much higher tolerances, but field measurements do not.
Lagunaria patersonii		Norfolk Island hibiscus. (14, 15) Coastal.
Lolium perenne **		Perennial ryegrass (26)
Maireana brevifolia **		Small-leaved bluebush. (23)
Melaleuca acuminata		Broombush. (12)
Melaleuca armillaris		Bracelet honey myrtle. (2, 19) Needs well drained site. (27) suggests low salinity tolerance and moderate waterlogging tolerance.
Melaleuca bracteata		River teatree. (2)
Melaleuca brevifolia		Mallee honey myrtle. (12). (27) suggests higher salt tolerance, and moderate waterlogging tolerance.
Melaleuca dealbata		(28) records good growth at 400-800 mS/m ECe.
Melaleuca ericifolia		Swamp paperbark. (2, 19). (27) suggests low to moderate salinity tolerance and high waterlogging tolerance.
Melaleuca lateriflora		(2, 5) Grows with M uncinata and others.
Melaleuca linariifolia		Narrow-leaved paperbark. (2)
Melaleuca microphylla		(14)
Melaleuca quinquinervia		Five-veined paperbark. (2)
Melaleuca rhaphiophylla		(6) suggests EM38 of 100-150 mS/m.
Melaleuca styphelioides		Prickly-leaved paperbark. (2, 19)
Melaleuca uncinata		Broombush. (2) Highly variable taxon. Variable tolerance. (27) suggests low to moderate salinity tolerance and moderate waterlogging tolerance.
Myoporum desertii		Turkey bush. (14)
Myoporum insulare		Boobialla. (15)
Pinus pinaster		Maritime pine. (2). (6) suggests EM38 of less than 50 mS/m (non-saline). Low waterlogging tolerance. Slight waterlogging tolerance.
Pinus radiata		Monterey pine, radiata pine. (2). (6) suggests EM38 of less than 50 mS/m (non-saline). Low waterlogging tolerance.
Pittosporum phylliraeoides		Native apricot. (15). (27) suggests low to moderate salinity tolerance and low waterlogging tolerance. WA experience is moderate waterlogging tolerance.
Sorghum bicolour **		Sorghum. (25) suggests soil threshold of 680 mS/m with rapid productivity fall-off with increasing salinity. Australian field measurement (in NDSP Information Sheet) suggests much lower tolerance, possibly in the range 200 to 300 mS/m.
Thinopyrum elongatum **		Tall wheat grass. (21, 23, 26) Moderate waterlogging tolerance. Tolerance may be higher (25)
Trifolium michelianum **		Balansa clover. (23) Syn. T balansae. Highly tolerant of waterlogging. Some references suggest much higher tolerance (26)
Trifolium resupinatum **		Persian clover (26) Tolerance may be higher.

Slightly saline (ECe 200-400 mS/m)
Proper name	Common name and comments.
Acacia acuminata	Jam. (2). (6) suggests EM38 of less than 50 mS/m (non-saline). (27) suggests slight to moderate salinity tolerance and low waterlogging tolerance.
Acacia implexa	Hickory wattle. (2)
Acacia iteaphylla	Flinder's Range wattle. (2)
Acacia longifolia	Sydney golden wattle. (2)
Acacia mearnsii	Late black wattle. (2) Possible weed spp.
Acacia melanoxylon	Tasmanian blackwood. (2). (28) records good growth at 200-400 mS/m and variable to 1200 mS/m ECe.
Avena sativa **	Oats (26). Some references suggest higher tolerance (25)
Brassica napus **	Canola (oilseed rape) (26). Tolerance is toward the top of this category.
Callistemon salignus	Willow bottlebrush
Casuarina littoralis	(8)
Casuarina stricta	(8)
Casuarina torulosa	(8)
Chloris gayana **	Rhodes grass (26)
Corymbia citriodora ssp. variegata	Lemon scented gum. (2). (6) suggests EM38 of less than 50 mS/m (non-saline).
Corymbia maculata	Spotted gum. (2). (6) suggests EM38 of less than 50 mS/m (non-saline).
Cynodon dactylon **	Couch. (21)
Eucalyptus aggregata	Black gum. (2, 21)
Eucalyptus bicostata	Eurabbie. (2)
Eucalyptus botryoides	Southern mahogany. (2). (6) suggests EM38 of less than 50 mS/m (non-saline). (27). Moderate waterlogging tolerance
Eucalyptus brockwayi	Dundas mahogany. (2). (16) suggests moderate tolerance.
Eucalyptus calycogona ssp. calycogona	(5, 16)
Eucalyptus camphora	Swamp gum. (2)
Eucalyptus celastroides ssp. celastroides	Mealy blackbutt. (5)
Eucalyptus cinerea	Argyle apple. (2)
Eucalyptus cladocalyx	Sugar gum. (2). (6) EM38 of 50-100 mS/m.
Eucalyptus clelandii	Cleland's blackbutt. (11) Suggests higher tolerance.
Eucalyptus concinna	Victoria Desert mallee. (16,17)
Eucalyptus conferruminata	Bald Island marlock. (17)
Eucalyptus coolabah	(2) This group is being revised. Includes E microtheca.
Eucalyptus cornuta	Yate. (2). (17) Suggests no tolerance of salt.
Eucalyptus crenulata	Victorian silver gum. (2)
Eucalyptus diversifolia	Coastal mallee. (27). Low waterlogging tolerance
Eucalyptus elata	River peppermint. (2)
Eucalyptus flocktoniae	Merrit. (16, 17) Sensitive to waterlogging.
Eucalyptus forrestiana ssp. forrestiana	Fuschia mallee. (16)
Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus	Blue gum. (2). Western Australian experience is that tolerance is lower. (6) suggests EM38 of less than 50 mS/m (non-saline). And (26) suggests less than ECe 200 mS/m - measured in commercial field plantings .
Eucalyptus grandis	Rose gum. (2). (6) suggests EM38 of less than 50 mS/m (non-saline). (22) suggests moderate tolerance. (28) records good growth at 800-1200 mS/m.
Eucalyptus griffithsii	Griffith's grey gum. (16,17)
Eucalyptus hypochlamydea ssp. ecdysiastes	(5)
Eucalyptus longicornis	Red morrell. (16)
Eucalyptus macrandra	Long-flowered marlock. (15, 16, 17)
Eucalyptus megacornuta	Warted yate.
Eucalyptus merrickiae	Goblet mallee. (16, 17)
Eucalyptus ovata	Swamp gum. (2)
Eucalyptus ovularis	Small-fruited mallee. (16, 17)
Eucalyptus saligna	Sydney blue gum. (2) (6) suggests EM38 of less than 50 mS/m (non-saline).
Eucalyptus salmonophloia	Salmon gum. (10) Suggests moderate tolerance. (16)
Eucalyptus sideroxylon	Red ironbark. (2). (6) suggests EM38 of less than 50 mS/m (non-saline). (19) suggests moderate tolerance. Needs well drained site.
Eucalyptus torquata	Coral gum. (16, 17)
Eucalyptus tricarpa	Three fruited red ironbark. (2)
Eucalyptus viminalis	Manna gum. (2)
Eucalyptus yilgarnensis
Hordeum vulgare **	Barley 2-row
Lupinus angustifolium **	Narrow-leaf lupin (26). Tolerance is toward the bottom of this range. Sensitive to waterlogging.
Medicago polymorpha ssp. Brevispina **	Burr medic (26)
Medicago sativa **	Lucerne (alfalfa) (25). Some reports of lower tolerance (26)
Melaleuca nesophila	Western honey myrtle. (6) suggests EM38 of 50-100 mS/m (slightly saline). (27) suggests moderate waterlogging tolerance.
Melaleuca preissiana	Moonah. (6) suggests EM38 of 50-100 mS/m (slightly saline).
Pennisetum clandestinum **	Kikuyu (26) Tolerance affected by waterlogging
Phalaris aquatica **	Phalaris. (21, 25, 26) Tolerance in the high end of this class
Pinus brutia	Calabrian pine. (2)
Schinus molle var. areira	Pepper tree. (14)
Trifolium alexandrinum **	Berseem clover (25)
Trifolium fragiferum **	Strawberry clover. (21, 25) High waterlogging tolerance. Best on summer moisture.
Trifolium repens **	White clover (25, 26). Waterlogging reduces salinity tolerance
Triticum aestivum **	Wheat (26) Some references suggest higher tolerance (25)
Vicia faba **	Faba beans (26). Moderate to good waterlogging tolerance.

Non-saline (ECe < 200 mS/m)
Proper name	Common name and comments.
Acacia microbotrya	Manna wattle. (6) EM38 of less than 50 mS/m.
Agonis flexuosa	WA peppermint, weeping peppermint. (6) EM38 of less than 50 mS/m.
Chamaecytisus proliferus **	Tagasaste (26). Very sensitive to waterlogging.
Cicer arietinum **	Chickpeas (26). Sensitive to salinity. Sensitive to waterlogging.
Dactylis glomerate **	Cocksfoot (26)
Eucalyptus accedens	Powderbark wandoo. (6) EM38 of less than 50 mS/m.
Eucalyptus polyanthemos	Red box. (6) EM38 of less than 50 mS/m.
Eucalyptus talyuberlup	Pretty yate. (6) EM38 of less than 50 mS/m.
Medicago littoralis **	Strand medic (26)
Medicago murex **	Murex medic (26)
Medicago truncatula **	Barrel medic (26) Some report higher tolerance (25)
Ornithopus compressus **	Yellow serradella (26)
Pisum sativum **	Field peas (25, 26). Sensitive to waterlogging.
Trifolium hirtum **	Rose clover (26)
Trifolium subteranneum **	Subterraneum clover (26)

References

1. Runciman, HV and Malcolm, CV (1989) Forage shrubs and grasses for revegetating salt land. Bulletin No 4153, Department of Agriculture Western Australia. Includes information on saltbushes, bluebush, Quail brush, samphire, Puccinelia, salt water couch.

2. Marcar N, Crawford D, Leppert P, Jovanovic T, Floyd R, Farrow R (2002) Trees for salt land; a guide to selecting native species for Australia. CSIRO Press, Melbourne Victoria, Australia. In print.

3. Ferdowsian, R and Greenham, KJ (1992) Integrated catchment management: Upper Denmark Catchment. Technical Report 130, Division of Resource Management, Department of Agriculture, Western Australia.

4. van der Moezel,PG and Bell, DT (1987) Comparative seedling salt tolerance of several Eucalyptus and Melaleuca species from Western Australia. Australian Forestry Research 17, 151-158.

5. Personal Communication. Peter White, Conservation and Land Management, Narrogin WA. Euc Oil Program, seed collection etc.

6. Don Bennett, Research Technical Officer, and Richard George, Hydrogeologist, DAWA Bunbury WA. (2002) EM38 salt tolerance limits for some common farm forestry, revegetation, crop and pasture species for the medium to high rainfall country. Master Tree Growers' Course Notes - Northam March 2002.

7. Australian Plant Study Group (1980) Grow What Where. 1990 edition. Viking O'Neil, Penguin Books, South Yarra, Victoria.

8. El-Lakanay, MH and Luard, EJ (1982) Comparative salt tolerance of selected Casuarina species. Australian Forestry Research. 13, 11-20.

9. van der Moezel, PG, Watson, LE, Pearce-Pinto, GVN and Bell, DT (1988) The response of six Eucalyptus species and Casuarina obesa to the combined effect of salinity and waterlogging. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 15, 465-474

10. Pepper, RG and Craig, GF (1986) Resistance of selected Eucalyptus species to soil salinity in Western Australia. Journal of Applied Ecology 23, 977-987.

11. Blake, TJ (1981) Salt tolerance of Eucalyptus species grown in saline solution culture. Australian Forestry Research, 11, 179-183

12. Anon (1994) The tree grower's information kit. Department of Conservation and Land Management, Western Australia.

13. Craig, GF, Bell, DT and Atkins, CA (1990) Response to salt and waterlogging stress of ten taxa of Acacia selected from naturally saline areas of Western Australia. Australian Journal of Botany, 38, 619-630.

14. South Australian Woods and Forests (1984) Catalogue of plants for sale. No 20 in a Series. Adelaide, South Australia.

15. Australian Plant Study Group (1990) Grow What Where. Viking O'Neill, South Yarra, Victoria, Australia.

16. Chippendale, GM (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields (and the adjacent wheatbelt). Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

17. Elliot, WR and Jones, DL (1986) Encyclopaedia of Australian plants suitable for cultivation: Volume 4. Lothian, Melbourne.

18. Ismail, S, Malcolm, CV and Ahmad, R (1990) A bibliography of forage halophytes and trees for salt-affected land: Their uses, culture and physiology. Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.

19. Race, D (ed) (1993) Agroforestry: Trees for productive farming. AgMedia, Melbourne Victoria. Chapters 17,19

20. Hoy NT, Gale MJ and Walsh KB (1994) Revegetation of a scalded saline discharge zone in central Queensland: 1. Selection of tree species and evaluation of an establishment technique. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34: 765-776.

21. Sudmeyer, RA, Saunders C, Maling, I, and Clark T (1994) Perennial pastures: For areas receiving less than 800 mm annual rainfall. Bulletin 4253 Department of Agriculture Western Australia.

22. Dunn GM, Taylor DW, Nester MR, and Beetson, TB (1994) Performance of twelve selected Australian tree species on a saline site in southeast Queensland. Forest Ecology and Management 70:255-264

23. Barrett-Lennard EG and Malcolm CV (1995) Salt land pastures in Australia. Bulletin 4312 Department of Agriculture, Western Australia.

24. Barson, M and Barrett-Lennard E (1995) Productive use and rehabilitation of Australia's saline lands. Australian Journal of Soil and Water Conservation Vol 8(3):33-37.

25. Taylor, S. (1993) Dryland Salinity: Introductory Extension Notes, Second Edition. Department of Conservation and Land Management NSW

26. Moore, G. (1998) Soilguide: A handbook for understanding and managing agricultural soils. Agriculture Western Australia Bulletin No. 4343.

27. Bulman, Peter (1995) Farmtree$ for the Mount Lofty Ranges: A Regional Agroforestry Handbook. Primary Industries SA, Adelaide.

28. House, S. Dr., Nester, M., Taylor, D., King, J. Dr., and Hinchley, D. (1998) Selecting trees for the rehabilitation of saline sites in south-east Queensland. Technical Paper 52, Department of Primary Industry Queensland. [note that the information is from field measurements ad is site specific]

Page last reviewed October 2004

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